Thanks. Your laying out of the utter irrationality and lies that shore up Putin’s tyranny once again hits home the degree to which democracy's survival everywhere and the world’s balance of power are at stake in Ukraine's courageous pro-democracy struggle against Putin's murderous power grab.
Unified, resolute, bold and decisive action is required of all free nations and NATO to stop Putin’s long reign of terror over his own people and the world. The longer we wait the weaker we become to resist the tyranny of all the monstrous Putins, Trumps and Orbans. Millions of us everywhere must rise up against the tyranny of these monsters.
A former KGB Officer, Putin understands how to use disinformation (deza), lies (vranyo), and compromise (kompromat) to create chaos in the West and home. 🇷🇺
Posted this morning by 40 Years in Counter Terrorism Malcom Nance. Many of the facts are weird and match a pattern in the history of terrorism inside Russia and do not match other Isis terrorism outside Russia.
In cuckoo La La Land, it was universally accepted that Barack Obama and Joe Biden directed the Islamic State terrorist group to attack Moscow for the gay Jews that run Ukraine, as we say in the military, Whiskey. Tango. Foxtrot? - Malcolm Nance 😎
Thank you for sharing your knowledge and expertise with us Dr Snyder. I am filled with sadness for the Ukrainian citizens dealing with these atrocities and for the lack of help we are providing to them. We must get aid to them before it’s too late. I donate what I can afford to their drone program monthly. I am sorry I cannot do more.
Those like Putin who constantly need to amp up their consituency by demonizing 'the other' are so predictable. Sort of like Trump and the cultural Marxists and radical Dems and evil immigrants and creeping socialists or you-name-it. Those who depend on demonization rather than a positive agenda are inevitable forced to ever increase their venom and invective. But sooner or later there is always what economists call the law of diminishing returns. The only question is when either Trump or Putin will reach this point.
Thank you Professor Snyder for clearly laying out the increasingly twisted logic Putin has to create to sustain his European war fetish.
I try but fail, to imagine Russian society. How do the social scientists in the country deal with it? Are there still Sociologists in Russia and if so what do they do? I can't understand how they must work and think.
Anyone that speaks out is jailed, beaten, gulags, or murdered if they don’t get it. We in the west commonly make the same starting mistake when considered ng Putin’s Russia. We take for granted so many good things about our culture that do not apply to Russia. It’s apples to rotten oranges. Putin’s Russia, Nothing is True and Anything is Possible, The Less You Know, the Better You Sleep, these books explain the order of values by the power welders from the top down AND how it happened from Yeltsin to Putin. We would benefit from a timeline for On Tyranny applied to Russia the last 30 years. Perhaps a “Making of Putins Russia” history course like the Ukraine version. In Russia Today it is about power preservation, embezzling from the resource extraction industries, the law exists to protect the previous. Media and elections are controlled and like terrorism are “ managed”. The western Civilization premise that each human life has value, and governent exists for each persons benefit is totally absent from Putin’s Russia. .
I guess I was wondering what academia looks like in Russia. I tried googling Social Sciences in Russia but have found nothing concrete. The Moscow State University says it has a Sociology faculty but I could find nothing about it. Do any university staff or students on here have access to that information?
I can begin to fathom the stress and anxiety a ploy sci, philosophy, history, any humanities major must feel in Russia? Yours is a good question. This is one reason why Fullbright scholars are so important, and there are so many exchanges in other fields both scholarly, professionally, and militarily. When we are connected, we rarely war.
Excellent post by TS tonight, and thoughtful comments by so many of my fellow subscribers.
ISIS of Khorasan claimed responsibility for the Crocus Concert Hall terrorist attack. The four men rounded up by Putin's police were all Tajiks. If memory serves correctly, the Tajik people are a significant minority of the population of Afghanistan, a country that was devastated by a ten year war wrought by the former Soviet Union, a war whose conclusion with the defeat of the Soviet invaders was followed another ten years later by a new bellicose invasion with a different yet equally empty rationale by another imperial Nation, this time ending twenty years later, with stunning similarity.
Two days before the planes commanded by the men well trained and well funded by the House of Saud took down the Twin Towers on September 11th, 2001, the flamboyant leader of those Afghans who had fought the Soviet invaders and the Taliban with equal ferocity, was killed. His name was Ahmad Shah Massoud, and he was also Tajik.
History not only repeats itself, but it sometimes rhymes
Is it possible that Putin himself engineered this savage attack to bring the bloody reality of conflict home to his own people, and to mobilize their support for a war that otherwise makes no sense?
He certainly has a suspect history of this from previous terror attacks. Gary Kasparov is saying exactly your suspicion. Why not have at least a few cops there after the early warning?
There were no police at the theatre. Not one. One would think that there would be and be a casualty or shot at the Terrorist. But no police engaged the terrorists. They walked in the front door shooting. They shot people for over and hour and lit fire to the place. They walked out the back door and drove away in a car that was parked there. They were not chased nor pursued. Just listen to Gary Kasparov. Nothing makes sense to most westerners. They have a totally different order of values and principles that we don’t understand.
I am fully aware that Russian values are profoundly different from those held in the western world, and that is precisely why I believe that undercover police would have been present to document events without engagement.
They were, but those were probably plain clothed FSB agents. They are not “protect and serve” city or capital cops. An ethical cop would not hesitate to enter and protect by engaging the shooter’s. How many regular cops are they n duty inside Moscow? How many work the streets/patrol within 5 miles of the Kremlin? Guns are totally illegal and tightly regulated inside Russia. Keep an open mind and read and listen to Russian dissidents. Their logic, experience, and assumptions are worth listening to, if we are ever going to understand Putin’s Russia. There is a pattern here, right before their eyes.
Those are ( could be) the terrorist’s FSB handlers. To make sure the operation goes according to plan. Anyone that speaks up, has an “interview” at FSB HQ, in a basement room with no windows. And there is no free press anymore to reveal eyewitness accounts to either.
Putin did not foresee how long this conflict would last and he now needs to construct a revised narrative to justify a sustained effort. The “terrorist act” perpetrated by Ukraine is timed perfectly with the change in descriptive language from “special operation” to “war.”
Does anyone else see an eerie comparison between Putin and Netanyahu - both overly focusing their security services on what they perceived as sources of concern while ignoring terrorist threats; and, as a result, both being seen as having been “caught with their pants down” despite commanding world famous security services (the Mossad and the FSB) in their homelands? After the horror of the terrorist event in Israel, significant numbers of Israeli citizens quickly realized Bibi’s errors in judgment; however, Putin’s miscalculations may not become as obvious to Russian citizens because Russian citizens don’t have immediate access to non-state controlled journalism like Israeli citizens have.
Putin, Netanyahu, Orbán . . . Russian citizens don't have free access to reasonably reliable journalism, but they've got a long, very long history of taking with a peck of salt whatever their leaders tell them.
First, they fascinate the fools, then muzzle the intelligent.” - Bertrand Russel on how Fascism works. Terrorist acts are sensational and you can’t look away. Without any questioning or debate, or clear answers….the message can be monopolized and people’s emotions managed and passions directed. Putin is connecting fear and hatred of Muslims, and morphing that into retaliation towards Ukrainians.
Sorta like the GOP in the U.S. is connecting fear and hatred of migrants (and people of color, and uppity women, and . . .) and morphing that into attacks on democracy?
The first thing Putin did, before he did anything else was secure the voices of the critics by nationalizing all Journalism. His FSB handlers saw and feared that Yeltsin's error was not doing this. First the TV stations, then the newspapers. Forced Yeltsin oligarchs who owned these out. If they spoke out or up, Putin had them killed. Boris Berezovsky. Anna Politkovskaya. Then the lawyers like Sergey Magnitsky, then the anti corruption police like Alexander Litvenchenko. And then the political challengers like Boris Nemtsov, and Alexei Navalny. And there are 100's of more that have never been reported. What did they say that lead to ordering their deaths? Terrorism is a tool used by Putin and the FSB to paint the picture of him as the Russian Savior/Guardian when his popularity is waning. Used to wage war within Russia's sphere of influence republics. When investigative reports connect these dots and point out the weird occurrences and contacts surrounding terror management INSIDE Russia, some weird conclusions come to light. Those reports end up shot, poisoned, car accidents, suddenly fall out of windows etc.
Gary Kasparov has made some interesting comments of late. He said that Moscow is one of the most surveilled cities in the world
; police, security services, cameras everywhere. the crocus theater is only a few kilometers away from the Kremlin. How could 4 Heavily armed terrorist with assault rifles and caring enough ammunition to shoot those rifles for over an hour that close to the Kremlin? Why weren’t they engaged by police sooner? After over an hour of shooting civilians, how did they escape so easily? And get out of Moscow? The men all had local jobs around Moscow and are Tajik immigrants. Captured, interrogated, tortured, and drugged for a closed court appearance. it was also reported that they were paid which indicates they were for hire, (but not disclosed by who)and not completely ideologically motivated. Why did they not fight to the death like other terrorists do? Gary Kasparov knows Russia he knows Putin this recent terrorist attack has a lot of similarities to previous ones were FSB involvement has been suspected. Well, it is foolish to believe and spread conspiracy for the sake of conspiracy, I think it’s wise this early to keep an open mind, keep reading and discovering new facts, and compare those facts to previous terrorist attacks within Russia, when Putin’s popularity had also waned. Kasparov is already claiming Putin and the FSB are involved. We should listen.
It would not have been hard for the FSI to have fitted up the Tajiks with fake documents incriminating Ukraine. There are many in the GOP who would have been open to such deceit and would have caught that ball and run with it.
I wonder why the FSI missed that trick - too late now.
Good point. It suggests it really was IS-K and Putin and FSB were caught unawares. Worse, made to look like fools in the light of the US warning. And, just as with Prigozhin, a similar delay before the official response.
It takes quite an effort keep fighting the lies with truth and I hope these missives reverberate. I wonder if the Russian people get the truth somehow, if they are open to it. Some must. But what can they do? Some must believe what they are told, easier. They cannot think too much without getting into trouble. I imagine one must just live a life of what is in front of oneself daily.....until wider reality comes, say in a theater. One must realize ultimately, if you are Russian and think, that you don't matter. The Russian people exist to prop up the regime, the gangster state. The state lives off of the people: their silence, their labor, their pretense of life going on as normal. The sheer terror and death toll of that attack contrasts with the illusion of safety. Ukrainians must live with terror visited upon them daily.
We are having trouble giving Ukraine all that it needs in support to really give Russia the blow it deserves in return; a defeat. I thought that Ukraine would turn to "asymmetrical warfare" of necessity including terrorism.
The Russian people have not suffered from this war, not nearly what they are owed.
Putin has succeeded somewhat though ultimately will fail.
He bet that we would run into problems supporting Ukraine and he was right.
And in the meantime it's Gaza that is taking the O2.
This Islamist attack in Moscow helped turn our attention back to Ukraine and Putin's evil.
I am very curious to see how ISIS is going to respond to this claim of Putin. Is he trying to draw their enmity? In his secure state is he ignoring the threats to his people for the sake of focusing on other concerns. However, I know that Putin is vulnerable to ISIS if he ignores them. I assume he is not ignoring them behind the scenes. We will see what happens next? Will IS go to France and attack there at the Olympics or will they continue in Russia? Or both?
Ironically ISIS is hitting the potent barrier — the utter indifference — of Russian authorities, who would just blame any future attacks on Ukraine which is the only thing they care about, and of course the Russian public itself, who would just shrug off and either hate Ukrainians even more or go on about their day cause one thing is certain is that barely anyone in that society cares about each other.
I do not think the ISIS attacks will continue, because terror needs to stir some emotion, and there won't be neither emotion nor even recognition that it's ISIS, no matter how many public statements ISIS makes.
Thanks. Your laying out of the utter irrationality and lies that shore up Putin’s tyranny once again hits home the degree to which democracy's survival everywhere and the world’s balance of power are at stake in Ukraine's courageous pro-democracy struggle against Putin's murderous power grab.
Unified, resolute, bold and decisive action is required of all free nations and NATO to stop Putin’s long reign of terror over his own people and the world. The longer we wait the weaker we become to resist the tyranny of all the monstrous Putins, Trumps and Orbans. Millions of us everywhere must rise up against the tyranny of these monsters.
A former KGB Officer, Putin understands how to use disinformation (deza), lies (vranyo), and compromise (kompromat) to create chaos in the West and home. 🇷🇺
But the same old tricks are less and less convincing as time goes by. Putin himself almost seems bored as he delivered the same old tired tropes.
KGB/Stasi agents die hard.
All too true. Somewhere Felix Dzerzhinsky is smiling from the Lefertovo or Lubyanka in hell.
May Iron Felix and his Red Terror comrades rot in hell.
Posted this morning by 40 Years in Counter Terrorism Malcom Nance. Many of the facts are weird and match a pattern in the history of terrorism inside Russia and do not match other Isis terrorism outside Russia.
https://malcolmnance.substack.com/p/are-cia-ukrainian-terrorists-in-moscow/comments
In cuckoo La La Land, it was universally accepted that Barack Obama and Joe Biden directed the Islamic State terrorist group to attack Moscow for the gay Jews that run Ukraine, as we say in the military, Whiskey. Tango. Foxtrot? - Malcolm Nance 😎
Totally! WTF
Yes, Ted - I say this a lot these days.
Thank you for sharing your knowledge and expertise with us Dr Snyder. I am filled with sadness for the Ukrainian citizens dealing with these atrocities and for the lack of help we are providing to them. We must get aid to them before it’s too late. I donate what I can afford to their drone program monthly. I am sorry I cannot do more.
Sounds more and more like George Orwell's 1984 every day.
Orwell, if he were alive to see this, would have even more fodder to write yet another powerful book or two.
I guess Putin didn't learn anything about the
impossibility of ruling with an
iron fist from the history of
his own country.
Thank you Professor Snyder.
You see things so clearly
from your very close
relationship with history.
It would be lovely if Putin’s latest demented rage storm was the nudge required to terminate his contract, with prejudice.
We want you to go up the Volga River, locate Colonel Kurtz/President Putin, and terminate his command with extreme prejudice
I love the smell of burned out oil refineries in the morning…smells like victory!
Those like Putin who constantly need to amp up their consituency by demonizing 'the other' are so predictable. Sort of like Trump and the cultural Marxists and radical Dems and evil immigrants and creeping socialists or you-name-it. Those who depend on demonization rather than a positive agenda are inevitable forced to ever increase their venom and invective. But sooner or later there is always what economists call the law of diminishing returns. The only question is when either Trump or Putin will reach this point.
Thank you Professor Snyder for clearly laying out the increasingly twisted logic Putin has to create to sustain his European war fetish.
I try but fail, to imagine Russian society. How do the social scientists in the country deal with it? Are there still Sociologists in Russia and if so what do they do? I can't understand how they must work and think.
Anyone that speaks out is jailed, beaten, gulags, or murdered if they don’t get it. We in the west commonly make the same starting mistake when considered ng Putin’s Russia. We take for granted so many good things about our culture that do not apply to Russia. It’s apples to rotten oranges. Putin’s Russia, Nothing is True and Anything is Possible, The Less You Know, the Better You Sleep, these books explain the order of values by the power welders from the top down AND how it happened from Yeltsin to Putin. We would benefit from a timeline for On Tyranny applied to Russia the last 30 years. Perhaps a “Making of Putins Russia” history course like the Ukraine version. In Russia Today it is about power preservation, embezzling from the resource extraction industries, the law exists to protect the previous. Media and elections are controlled and like terrorism are “ managed”. The western Civilization premise that each human life has value, and governent exists for each persons benefit is totally absent from Putin’s Russia. .
I guess I was wondering what academia looks like in Russia. I tried googling Social Sciences in Russia but have found nothing concrete. The Moscow State University says it has a Sociology faculty but I could find nothing about it. Do any university staff or students on here have access to that information?
I can begin to fathom the stress and anxiety a ploy sci, philosophy, history, any humanities major must feel in Russia? Yours is a good question. This is one reason why Fullbright scholars are so important, and there are so many exchanges in other fields both scholarly, professionally, and militarily. When we are connected, we rarely war.
Excellent post by TS tonight, and thoughtful comments by so many of my fellow subscribers.
ISIS of Khorasan claimed responsibility for the Crocus Concert Hall terrorist attack. The four men rounded up by Putin's police were all Tajiks. If memory serves correctly, the Tajik people are a significant minority of the population of Afghanistan, a country that was devastated by a ten year war wrought by the former Soviet Union, a war whose conclusion with the defeat of the Soviet invaders was followed another ten years later by a new bellicose invasion with a different yet equally empty rationale by another imperial Nation, this time ending twenty years later, with stunning similarity.
Two days before the planes commanded by the men well trained and well funded by the House of Saud took down the Twin Towers on September 11th, 2001, the flamboyant leader of those Afghans who had fought the Soviet invaders and the Taliban with equal ferocity, was killed. His name was Ahmad Shah Massoud, and he was also Tajik.
History not only repeats itself, but it sometimes rhymes
Thank you for remembering Massoud.
Is it possible that Putin himself engineered this savage attack to bring the bloody reality of conflict home to his own people, and to mobilize their support for a war that otherwise makes no sense?
He certainly has a suspect history of this from previous terror attacks. Gary Kasparov is saying exactly your suspicion. Why not have at least a few cops there after the early warning?
That is a very good question.
In point of fact, there probably were more than a few cops there…
There were no police at the theatre. Not one. One would think that there would be and be a casualty or shot at the Terrorist. But no police engaged the terrorists. They walked in the front door shooting. They shot people for over and hour and lit fire to the place. They walked out the back door and drove away in a car that was parked there. They were not chased nor pursued. Just listen to Gary Kasparov. Nothing makes sense to most westerners. They have a totally different order of values and principles that we don’t understand.
I am fully aware that Russian values are profoundly different from those held in the western world, and that is precisely why I believe that undercover police would have been present to document events without engagement.
They were, but those were probably plain clothed FSB agents. They are not “protect and serve” city or capital cops. An ethical cop would not hesitate to enter and protect by engaging the shooter’s. How many regular cops are they n duty inside Moscow? How many work the streets/patrol within 5 miles of the Kremlin? Guns are totally illegal and tightly regulated inside Russia. Keep an open mind and read and listen to Russian dissidents. Their logic, experience, and assumptions are worth listening to, if we are ever going to understand Putin’s Russia. There is a pattern here, right before their eyes.
Those are ( could be) the terrorist’s FSB handlers. To make sure the operation goes according to plan. Anyone that speaks up, has an “interview” at FSB HQ, in a basement room with no windows. And there is no free press anymore to reveal eyewitness accounts to either.
If so, why was he silent for so long?
Putin did not foresee how long this conflict would last and he now needs to construct a revised narrative to justify a sustained effort. The “terrorist act” perpetrated by Ukraine is timed perfectly with the change in descriptive language from “special operation” to “war.”
Does anyone else see an eerie comparison between Putin and Netanyahu - both overly focusing their security services on what they perceived as sources of concern while ignoring terrorist threats; and, as a result, both being seen as having been “caught with their pants down” despite commanding world famous security services (the Mossad and the FSB) in their homelands? After the horror of the terrorist event in Israel, significant numbers of Israeli citizens quickly realized Bibi’s errors in judgment; however, Putin’s miscalculations may not become as obvious to Russian citizens because Russian citizens don’t have immediate access to non-state controlled journalism like Israeli citizens have.
Putin, Netanyahu, Orbán . . . Russian citizens don't have free access to reasonably reliable journalism, but they've got a long, very long history of taking with a peck of salt whatever their leaders tell them.
First, they fascinate the fools, then muzzle the intelligent.” - Bertrand Russel on how Fascism works. Terrorist acts are sensational and you can’t look away. Without any questioning or debate, or clear answers….the message can be monopolized and people’s emotions managed and passions directed. Putin is connecting fear and hatred of Muslims, and morphing that into retaliation towards Ukrainians.
Sorta like the GOP in the U.S. is connecting fear and hatred of migrants (and people of color, and uppity women, and . . .) and morphing that into attacks on democracy?
yup.
The first thing Putin did, before he did anything else was secure the voices of the critics by nationalizing all Journalism. His FSB handlers saw and feared that Yeltsin's error was not doing this. First the TV stations, then the newspapers. Forced Yeltsin oligarchs who owned these out. If they spoke out or up, Putin had them killed. Boris Berezovsky. Anna Politkovskaya. Then the lawyers like Sergey Magnitsky, then the anti corruption police like Alexander Litvenchenko. And then the political challengers like Boris Nemtsov, and Alexei Navalny. And there are 100's of more that have never been reported. What did they say that lead to ordering their deaths? Terrorism is a tool used by Putin and the FSB to paint the picture of him as the Russian Savior/Guardian when his popularity is waning. Used to wage war within Russia's sphere of influence republics. When investigative reports connect these dots and point out the weird occurrences and contacts surrounding terror management INSIDE Russia, some weird conclusions come to light. Those reports end up shot, poisoned, car accidents, suddenly fall out of windows etc.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Berezovsky_(businessman)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Politkovskaya
YES!
Gary Kasparov has made some interesting comments of late. He said that Moscow is one of the most surveilled cities in the world
; police, security services, cameras everywhere. the crocus theater is only a few kilometers away from the Kremlin. How could 4 Heavily armed terrorist with assault rifles and caring enough ammunition to shoot those rifles for over an hour that close to the Kremlin? Why weren’t they engaged by police sooner? After over an hour of shooting civilians, how did they escape so easily? And get out of Moscow? The men all had local jobs around Moscow and are Tajik immigrants. Captured, interrogated, tortured, and drugged for a closed court appearance. it was also reported that they were paid which indicates they were for hire, (but not disclosed by who)and not completely ideologically motivated. Why did they not fight to the death like other terrorists do? Gary Kasparov knows Russia he knows Putin this recent terrorist attack has a lot of similarities to previous ones were FSB involvement has been suspected. Well, it is foolish to believe and spread conspiracy for the sake of conspiracy, I think it’s wise this early to keep an open mind, keep reading and discovering new facts, and compare those facts to previous terrorist attacks within Russia, when Putin’s popularity had also waned. Kasparov is already claiming Putin and the FSB are involved. We should listen.
It would not have been hard for the FSI to have fitted up the Tajiks with fake documents incriminating Ukraine. There are many in the GOP who would have been open to such deceit and would have caught that ball and run with it.
I wonder why the FSI missed that trick - too late now.
Good point. It suggests it really was IS-K and Putin and FSB were caught unawares. Worse, made to look like fools in the light of the US warning. And, just as with Prigozhin, a similar delay before the official response.
It takes quite an effort keep fighting the lies with truth and I hope these missives reverberate. I wonder if the Russian people get the truth somehow, if they are open to it. Some must. But what can they do? Some must believe what they are told, easier. They cannot think too much without getting into trouble. I imagine one must just live a life of what is in front of oneself daily.....until wider reality comes, say in a theater. One must realize ultimately, if you are Russian and think, that you don't matter. The Russian people exist to prop up the regime, the gangster state. The state lives off of the people: their silence, their labor, their pretense of life going on as normal. The sheer terror and death toll of that attack contrasts with the illusion of safety. Ukrainians must live with terror visited upon them daily.
We are having trouble giving Ukraine all that it needs in support to really give Russia the blow it deserves in return; a defeat. I thought that Ukraine would turn to "asymmetrical warfare" of necessity including terrorism.
The Russian people have not suffered from this war, not nearly what they are owed.
Putin has succeeded somewhat though ultimately will fail.
He bet that we would run into problems supporting Ukraine and he was right.
And in the meantime it's Gaza that is taking the O2.
This Islamist attack in Moscow helped turn our attention back to Ukraine and Putin's evil.
I am very curious to see how ISIS is going to respond to this claim of Putin. Is he trying to draw their enmity? In his secure state is he ignoring the threats to his people for the sake of focusing on other concerns. However, I know that Putin is vulnerable to ISIS if he ignores them. I assume he is not ignoring them behind the scenes. We will see what happens next? Will IS go to France and attack there at the Olympics or will they continue in Russia? Or both?
Ironically ISIS is hitting the potent barrier — the utter indifference — of Russian authorities, who would just blame any future attacks on Ukraine which is the only thing they care about, and of course the Russian public itself, who would just shrug off and either hate Ukrainians even more or go on about their day cause one thing is certain is that barely anyone in that society cares about each other.
So, do you see ISIS continuing these sorts of attacks, or is the public display of the torture of the men caught enough to deter them?
I do not think the ISIS attacks will continue, because terror needs to stir some emotion, and there won't be neither emotion nor even recognition that it's ISIS, no matter how many public statements ISIS makes.
I think the war for Putin is grain and other resources that the multi-country blockaid has stopped.
Our election is so important.
Are all of you talking to everyone you meet about who they are voting for? Or why they are voting for Trump
It's 3:30am, please excuse the wording of these statements and questions...I'm going to try to find my 2nd grade grammar book. KST